Apexification

Apexification is an endodontic procedure that encourages formation of a hard tissue barrier at the tip (apex) of an immature or underdeveloped tooth root when the dental pulp has become infected or has died. The goal is to close the open root end so the canal can be properly cleaned, disinfected and filled, reducing the risk of reinfection and helping to preserve the natural tooth.

Traditionally, apexification involved placing calcium hydroxide inside the canal and replacing it periodically over several months to stimulate calcified barrier formation, while modern techniques often use a single-visit apical plug made from materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to create an immediate seal. Choice of method depends on the stage of root development, the presence of infection and the tooth’s restorability, and alternatives such as regenerative endodontic procedures may be considered in suitable cases.