Gingiva

The gingiva is the specialised mucosal tissue that surrounds the teeth and covers the underlying jawbone. It includes the free gingiva that frames the tooth, the attached gingiva that is bound to the bone, and the interdental papilla between teeth; together these tissues create a seal that protects tooth roots and periodontal structures from bacteria and physical trauma.

Problems with the gingiva include inflammation (gingivitis), gum recession, and periodontal disease, which can cause redness, swelling, bleeding, sensitivity, and in advanced cases tooth mobility or loss. Good oral hygiene, regular professional dental care, and early assessment of persistent bleeding or gum changes help maintain healthy gingiva and prevent progression to more serious conditions.