Halitosis

Halitosis refers to persistent or recurring unpleasant breath odor. In most cases the source is intraoral: bacteria on the tongue, periodontal (gum) disease, untreated tooth decay, food debris, or reduced saliva flow (dry mouth) that allows odour-producing bacteria to thrive; less commonly it may be linked to infections in the nose, throat, sinuses, or to systemic conditions such as certain metabolic disorders.

Diagnosis usually begins with a dental examination to identify oral sources and may include inspection of the tongue and gum health, assessment of saliva flow, and referral for medical investigation if a non-oral cause is suspected. Management focuses on improving oral hygiene (including tongue cleaning), professional treatment of gum disease or decay, addressing dry mouth, lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, and treating any underlying medical conditions identified by a healthcare professional.